A report indicates Russia has been secretly assisting Iran since 2023 in developing supersonic cruise missiles under a program codenamed C430L, arranged through Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport in coordination with the US-sanctioned firm NPO Mashinostroyenia. Such technology transfer would significantly expand Iran's strike capability against Israel and other regional targets, deepening the Moscow-Tehran military axis. This kind of great-power backing for Iran's arsenal sharpens the strategic threat environment surrounding Israel and its neighbours.